NumPy is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains among other things:
1）a powerful N-dimensional array object
2）sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
3）tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
4） useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, NumPy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined. This allows NumPy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.
NumPy几乎是一个无法回避的科学计算工具包，最常用的也许是它的N维数组对象，其他还包括一些成熟的函数库，用于整合C/C++和Fortran代码的工具包，线性代数、傅里叶变换和随机数生成函数等。NumPy提供了两种基本的对象：ndarray（N-dimensional array object）和 ufunc（universal function object）。ndarray是存储单一数据类型的多维数组，而ufunc则是能够对数组进行处理的函数。
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2. SciPy：Scientific Computing Tools for Python
SciPy refers to several related but distinct entities:
1）The SciPy Stack, a collection of open source software for scientific computing in Python, and particularly a specified set of core packages.
2）The community of people who use and develop this stack.
3）Several conferences dedicated to scientific computing in Python – SciPy, EuroSciPy and SciPy.in.
4）The SciPy library, one component of the SciPy stack, providing many numerical routines.
“SciPy是一个开源的Python算法库和数学工具包，SciPy包含的模块有最优化、线性代数、积分、插值、特殊函数、快速傅里叶变换、信号处理和图像处理、常微分方程求解和其他科学与工程中常用的计算。其功能与软件MATLAB、Scilab和GNU Octave类似。 Numpy和Scipy常常结合着使用，Python大多数机器学习库都依赖于这两个模块。”—-引用自“Python机器学习库”
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3. Matplotlib
matplotlib is a python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. matplotlib can be used in python scripts, the python and ipython shell (ala MATLAB®* or Mathematica®†), web application servers, and six graphical user interface toolkits.
matplotlib 是python最著名的绘图库，它提供了一整套和matlab相似的命令API，十分适合交互式地进行制图。而且也可以方便地将它作为绘图控件，嵌入GUI应用程序中。Matplotlib可以配合ipython shell使用，提供不亚于Matlab的绘图体验，总之用过了都说好。
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4. iPython
IPython provides a rich architecture for interactive computing with:
1）Powerful interactive shells (terminal and Qt-based).
2）A browser-based notebook with support for code, text, mathematical expressions, inline plots and other rich media.
3）Support for interactive data visualization and use of GUI toolkits.
4）Flexible, embeddable interpreters to load into your own projects.
5）Easy to use, high performance tools for parallel computing.
“iPython 是一个Python 的交互式Shell，比默认的Python Shell 好用得多，功能也更强大。 她支持语法高亮、自动完成、代码调试、对象自省，支持 Bash Shell 命令，内置了许多很有用的功能和函式等，非常容易使用。 ” 启动iPython的时候用这个命令“ipython –pylab”，默认开启了matploblib的绘图交互，用起来很方便。
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四、Python 机器学习 & 数据挖掘 工具包
机器学习和数据挖掘这两个概念不太好区分，这里就放到一起了。这方面的开源Python工具包有很多，这里先从熟悉的讲起，再补充其他来源的资料，也欢迎大家补充。
1. scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python
scikit-learn (formerly scikits.learn) is an open source machine learning library for the Python programming language. It features various classification, regression and clustering algorithms including support vector machines, logistic regression, naive Bayes, random forests, gradient boosting, k-means and DBSCAN, and is designed to interoperate with the Python numerical and scientific libraries NumPy and SciPy.
首先推荐大名鼎鼎的scikit-learn，scikit-learn是一个基于NumPy, SciPy, Matplotlib的开源机器学习工具包，主要涵盖分类，回归和聚类算法，例如SVM， 逻辑回归，朴素贝叶斯，随机森林，k-means等算法，代码和文档都非常不错，在许多Python项目中都有应用。例如在我们熟悉的NLTK中，分类器方面就有专门针对scikit-learn的接口，可以调用scikit-learn的分类算法以及训练数据来训练分类器模型。这里推荐一个视频，也是我早期遇到scikit-learn的时候推荐过的：推荐一个Python机器学习工具包Scikit-learn以及相关视频–Tutorial: scikit-learn – Machine Learning in Python
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2. Pandas: Python Data Analysis Library