挺凑巧的，最近老有同事问起这些问题，所以总结一下。
1. 首先用help理解su， sudo su， sudo
2. 其次理解"login shell" and "interactive shell".
"When Bash starts executes the commands in a variety of different scripts.
(1) When started as an interactive login shell: Bash reads and executes the /etc/profile (if it exists). After reading that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile in that order, and reads and executes the first one (that exists and is readable). When a login shell exits: Bash reads and executes ~/.bash_logout (if it exists).
(2) When started as an interactive shell (but not a login shell): Bash reads and executes ~/.bashrc (if it exists)."
显然login shell和interactive shell在环境的设置上是存在差别的，详细可以参考： ?lnk=raot
3. 然后su命令的横杠就非常容易理解了，参数横杠-， 是为了让切换获取的shell是一个login shell
-, -l, --login make the shell a login shell