在PL/SQL中使用日期类型
之前的文章介绍了在PL/SQL中使用字符串和数字了下。毫无疑问,字符串和数字很重要,但是可以确定的是没有哪个应用不依赖于日期的。
Oracle使用由字符串索引的二维数组
你需要记录事件的发生事件,人们的出生日期等等很多。
通常的使用方式是:
1)声明日期变量和常量
2)使用内建函数显示和修改日期值
3)执行日期相关计算
日期类型比字符串或数字更复杂。它有多个部分组成(年,月,日,时,分,秒等),而且关于一个有效的日期有很多规则。
本文将给你所有信息以便在PL/SQL程序中使用日期。
1、PL/SQL中的日期,时间戳和间隔(Intervals)
绝大多数应用需要存储和操作日期和时间。不像字符串和数字,日期要求更复杂:不仅仅因为他们更高级的格式化数据,其对于有效值和有效计算方式都有
很多规则。
Fortunately, Oracle Database and PL/SQL provide a set of true date and time datatypes that store both date and time information in a standard internal format, and they also have an extensive set of built-in functions for manipulating the date and time.
庆幸的是,Oracle数据库和PL/SQL提供了一系列日期和时间类型以标准形式来存储日期和时间信息,还有一系列内建函数来实现日期和时间计算。
有三种相关类型:
1)DATE—This datatype stores a date and a time, resolved to the second. It does not include the time zone【时区】. DATE is the oldest and most commonly used datatype for working with dates in Oracle applications. 也是最古老和最常用的类型。
2)TIMESTAMP—Time stamps are similar to dates, but with these two key distinctions:
(2.1) you can store and manipulate times resolved to the nearest billionth of a second (9 decimal places of precision), and
存储精度达到10亿分之一秒。
(2.2) you can associate a time zone with a time stamp, and Oracle Database will take that time zone into account when manipulating the time stamp. 可带时区。
3)INTERVAL—Whereas DATE and TIMESTAMP record a specific point in time, INTERVAL records and computes a time duration. You can specify an interval in terms of years and months, or days and seconds.
记录时间间隔。可以指定年和月或天和秒级别的时间间隔。
来看个例子:
Code Listing 1: Declaring DATE, TIMESTAMP, and INTERVAL variables
2、如何选择使用合适的日期类型?
1)Use one of the TIMESTAMP types if you need to track time down to a fraction of a second.
2)You can, in general, use TIMESTAMP in place of DATE. A time stamp that does not contain subsecond precision takes up 7 bytes of storage, just as a DATE datatype does. When your time stamp does contain subsecond【亚秒】 data, it takes up 11 bytes of storage.
3)Use TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE if you need to keep track of the session time zone in which the data was entered.
4)Use TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE if you want the database to automatically convert a time between the database and session time zones. 自动转换数据库时间和会话时间时区。
5)Use DATE when it’s necessary to maintain compatibility with an existing application written before any of the TIMESTAMP datatypes were introduced. 保持向前兼容性。
3、如何获得当前时间?
相信大多数开发者都是通过SYSDATE函数,但是Oracle数据库还提供了其他一些函数,一起来看一下:
1)会话级别函数:
CURRENT_DATE 返回:DATE
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP 返回:TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE
LOCALTIMESTAMP 返回:TIMESTAMP
2)数据库级别
SYSDATE 返回:DATE
SYSTIMESTAMP 返回:TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE
Code Listing 2: Calls to SYSDATE and SYSTIMESTAMP and the returned values
例如:
BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line (SYSDATE); DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line (SYSTIMESTAMP); DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line (SYSDATE - SYSTIMESTAMP); END; /Here is the output:
07-AUG-11
07-AUG-11 08.46.16.379000000 AM -05:00
-000000000 00:00:00.379000000
因为我给DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE传递了日期和时间戳,Oracle数据库使用数据库或会话级的默认格式(参数:NLS_DATE_FORMAT)将其隐式转换为字符串。
默认安装数据库时的格式为:DD-MON-YYYY。而默认时间戳格式包含了日期和时区的偏移(offset)。