在JDK1.8之前，HashMap采用数组+链表实现，即使用链表处理冲突，同一hash值的链表都存储在一个链表里。但是当位于一个桶中的元素较多，即hash值相等的元素较多时，通过key值依次查找的效率较低。而JDK1.8中，HashMap采用数组+链表+红黑树实现，当链表长度超过阈值（8）时，将链表转换为红黑树，这样大大减少了查找时间。
下图中代表jdk1.8之前的hashmap结构，左边部分即代表哈希表，也称为哈希数组，数组的每个元素都是一个单链表的头节点，链表是用来解决冲突的，如果不同的key映射到了数组的同一位置处，就将其放入单链表中。（此图借用网上的图）
图一、jdk1.8之前hashmap结构图
jdk1.8之前的hashmap都采用上图的结构，都是基于一个数组和多个单链表，hash值冲突的时候，就将对应节点以链表的形式存储。如果在一个链表中查找其中一个节点时，将会花费O（n）的查找时间，会有很大的性能损失。到了jdk1.8，当同一个hash值的节点数不小于8时，不再采用单链表形式存储，而是采用红黑树，如下图所示（此图是借用的图）
图二、jdk1.8 hashmap结构图
二、重要的field
//table就是存储Node类的数组，就是对应上图中左边那一栏，
/**
* The table, initialized on first use, and resized as
* necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two.
* (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow
* bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.)
*/
transient Node<K,V>[] table;
/**
* The number of key-value mappings contained in this map.
* 记录hashmap中存储键-值对的数量
*/
transient int size;
/**
* hashmap结构被改变的次数，fail-fast机制
*/
transient int modCount;
/**
* The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).
* 扩容的门限值，当size大于这个值时，table数组进行扩容
*/
int threshold;
/**
* The load factor for the hash table.
*
*/
float loadFactor;
/**
* The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two.
* 默认初始化数组大小为16
*/
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16
/**
* The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified
* by either of the constructors with arguments.
* MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30.
*/
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
/**
* The load factor used when none specified in constructor.
* 默认装载因子，
*/
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
/**
* The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a
* bin. Bins are converted to trees when adding an element to a
* bin with at least this many nodes. The value must be greater
* than 2 and should be at least 8 to mesh with assumptions in
* tree removal about conversion back to plain bins upon
* shrinkage.
* 这是链表的最大长度，当大于这个长度时，链表转化为红黑树
*/
static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;
/**
* The bin count threshold for untreeifying a (split) bin during a
* resize operation. Should be less than TREEIFY_THRESHOLD, and at
* most 6 to mesh with shrinkage detection under removal.
*/
static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;
/**
* The smallest table capacity for which bins may be treeified.
* (Otherwise the table is resized if too many nodes in a bin.)
* Should be at least 4 * TREEIFY_THRESHOLD to avoid conflicts
* between resizing and treeification thresholds.
*/
static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;
三、构造函数