由于Openstack是python实现wsgi的REST ful架构，在学习和调试的过程中，常常会遇到http请求的提交，于是顺手整理下python和curl命令的提交方法。
1.Python篇
在python中有过爬虫经验当然很简单，一个requests库的问题，比urllib这些好用。
import requests
url="https://www.baidu.com/s"headers={'user-agent':"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.143 Safari/537.36"}
post_data={'username':"qujun","passwd":"xixi"}
parameters={'wd':"abc"}
#提交get请求P_get=request.get(url,params=parameters)
#提交post请求P_post=reuests.post(url,headers=headers,data=post_data)
如果涉及到cookies的话，可以使用requests.Seesion()方法
2.shell中curl
•常用参数
-A:随意指定自己这次访问所宣称的自己的浏览器信息
-b/--cookie <name=string/file> cookie字符串或文件读取位置，使用option来把上次的cookie信息追加到http request里面去。
-c/--cookie-jar <file> 操作结束后把cookie写入到这个文件中-d/ --data <data> HTTP POST方式传送
-F/--form <name=content> 模拟http表单提交数据
-H/--header <header> 指定请求头参数-s/--slient 减少输出的信息，比如进度
-i 输出时附带上返回的HTTP-header
-g 关掉URL的通配附解析。如{}、[]这种
-X 指定请求method。如GET\POST\DELETE
-v/--verbose 小写的v参数，用于打印更多信息，包括发送的请求信息，这在调试脚本是特别有用。
-o/--output <file> 指定输出文件名称
--retry <num> 指定重试次数
-x/--proxy <proxyhost[:port]> 指定代理服务器地址和端口，端口默认为1080--connect-timeout <seconds> 指定尝试连接的最大时长
•使用示例
#curl发送get,curl请求本身属于get，也没找到指定发送参数的参数。。
curl
#curl发送post，curl发送post有两个参数-d和-F
跟据man的结果，区别在于：
-d 效果相当与在HTML form填好了信息按下了submit键，他会使用
content-type “application/x-www-form-urlencoded”，按照它的使用例子，应该是普通内容post过去。
-F 模拟用户按下submit键后传输填好的form。使用Content-Type multi‐part/form-data
按照它的例子一般是在传送文件的时候使用。
curl -d "username=qujun&passwd=xixi" https://www.baidu.com
curl -F "web=@index.html;type=text/html" example.com
curl -F profile=@portrait.jpg https://example.com/upload.cgi
3、示例：
Openstack中keystone的令牌获取
#curl -d '{"auth":{"tenantName":"admin","passwordCredentials":{"username":"admin","password":"123456789"}}}' \
-H "content-type: application/json" http:/192.168.211.99:35357/v2.0/tokens
{"access": {"token": {"issued_at": "2016-11-11T07:27:05.394198Z", "expires": "2016-11-11T08:27:05Z", "id": "7d79689dc703480390ae90efceb9540a", "tenant": {"description": "Bootstrap project for initializing the cloud.", "enabled": true, "id": "648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427", "name": "admin"}, "audit_ids": ["rDK58iTjRwmMJod3Y_A1Qw"]}, "serviceCatalog": [{"endpoints": [{"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9393", "region": "RegionOne", "id": "5995886bacc64809bf2cb18c5ec2fee1", "internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9393", "publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9393"}], "endpoints_links": [], "type": "search", "name": "searchlight"}, {"endpoints": [{"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8770/v1", "region": "RegionOne", "id": "8c3436ab0c704eedb3e36b1c4849f583", "internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8770/v1", "publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8770/v1"}], "endpoints_links": [], "type": "billing", "name": "bilean"}, {"endpoints": [{"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8081/v2.0", "region": "RegionOne", "id": "0248266b9a3a4d809f465a796637c9e0", "internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8081/v2.0", "publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8081/v2.0"}], "endpoints_links": [], "type": "monitoring", "name": "monasca"}, {"endpoints": [{"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9696", "region": "RegionOne", "id": "6622c83ea0e94b519afce5ac166ce7a0", "internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9696", "publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9696"}], "endpoints_links": [], "type": "network", "name": "neutron"}, {"endpoints": [{"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8776/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427", "region": "RegionOne", "id": "43eea27da62b4ae9848b0dce728b8bad", "internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8776/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427", "publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8776/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427"}], "endpoints_links": [], "type": "volumev2", "name": "cinderv2"}, {"endpoints": [{"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9292", "region": "RegionOne", "id": "6d04a9a2c5c846029985b9b77b889679", "internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9292", "publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9292"}], "endpoints_links": [], "type": "image", "name": "glance"}, {"endpoints": [{"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8000/v1", "region": "RegionOne", "id": "2ed018e6a8004d62a9cdace88ede5b32", "internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8000/v1", "publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8000/v1"}], "endpoints_links": [], "type": "cloudformation", "name": "heat-cfn"}, {"endpoints": [{"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8776/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427", "region": "RegionOne", "id": "072b6e41e0f44b50a7ace09418ae7390", "internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8776/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427", "publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8776/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427"}], "endpoints_links": [], "type": "volume", "name": "cinder"}, {"endpoints": [{"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8004/v1/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427", "region": "RegionOne", "id": "d316951f153b4f3593a2f2288ca9aa9d", "internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8004/v1/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427", "publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8004/v1/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427"}], "endpoints_links": [], "type": "orchestration", "name": "heat"}, {"endpoints": [{"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8774/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427", "region": "RegionOne", "id": "d1d440d3428240d7929d3d1480ba7ff0", "internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8774/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427", "publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8774/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427"}], "endpoints_links": [], "type": "compute", "name": "nova"}, {"endpoints": [{"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:35357/v3", "region": "RegionOne", "id": "9e84b16c6d6c426983c168fcf289ebae", "internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:5000/v3", "publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:5000/v3"}], "endpoints_links": [], "type": "identity", "name": "keystone"}], "user": {"username": "admin", "roles_links": [], "id": "ca1e3c7d1b944c78ade1d1075173bd58", "roles": [{"name": "admin"}], "name": "admin"}, "metadata": {"is_admin": 0, "roles": ["32654011b0c447f1bf235a3f3f42c675"]}}}
由于输出的是一长串字符，可以将上述命令重定向到 |python -mjson.tool，就可以看到比较清晰的jason格式了。
# curl -d '{"auth":{"tenantName":"admin","passwordCredentials":{"username":"admin","password":"123123"}}}' -H "content-type: application/json" \
http:/192.168.211.99:35357/v2.0/tokens |pn -mjson.tool
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 4178 100 4084 100 94 18455 424 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 18396
{
"access": {
"metadata": {
"is_admin": 0,
"roles": [
"32654011b0c447f1bf235a3f3f42c675"
]
},
"serviceCatalog": [
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9393",
"id": "5995886bacc64809bf2cb18c5ec2fee1",
"internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9393",
"publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9393",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "searchlight",
"type": "search"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8770/v1",
"id": "8c3436ab0c704eedb3e36b1c4849f583",
"internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8770/v1",
"publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8770/v1",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "bilean",
"type": "billing"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8081/v2.0",
"id": "0248266b9a3a4d809f465a796637c9e0",
"internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8081/v2.0",
"publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8081/v2.0",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "monasca",
"type": "monitoring"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9696",
"id": "6622c83ea0e94b519afce5ac166ce7a0",
"internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9696",
"publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9696",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "neutron",
"type": "network"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8776/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427",
"id": "43eea27da62b4ae9848b0dce728b8bad",
"internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8776/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427",
"publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8776/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "cinderv2",
"type": "volumev2"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9292",
"id": "6d04a9a2c5c846029985b9b77b889679",
"internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9292",
"publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:9292",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "glance",
"type": "image"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8000/v1",
"id": "2ed018e6a8004d62a9cdace88ede5b32",
"internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8000/v1",
"publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8000/v1",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "heat-cfn",
"type": "cloudformation"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8776/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427",
"id": "072b6e41e0f44b50a7ace09418ae7390",
"internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8776/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427",
"publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8776/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "cinder",
"type": "volume"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8004/v1/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427",
"id": "d316951f153b4f3593a2f2288ca9aa9d",
"internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8004/v1/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427",
"publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8004/v1/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "heat",
"type": "orchestration"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8774/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427",
"id": "d1d440d3428240d7929d3d1480ba7ff0",
"internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8774/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427",
"publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:8774/v2/648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "nova",
"type": "compute"
},
{
"endpoints": [
{
"adminURL": "http://192.168.211.99:35357/v3",
"id": "9e84b16c6d6c426983c168fcf289ebae",
"internalURL": "http://192.168.211.99:5000/v3",
"publicURL": "http://192.168.211.99:5000/v3",
"region": "RegionOne"
}
],
"endpoints_links": [],
"name": "keystone",
"type": "identity"
}
],
"token": {
"audit_ids": [
"jTcFY-wuT-WSWxQFSef4IQ"
],
"expires": "2016-11-11T08:27:53Z",
"id": "705f8e4e89a145b0b02434c85dca15d0",
"issued_at": "2016-11-11T07:27:53.264704Z",
"tenant": {
"description": "Bootstrap project for initializing the cloud.",
"enabled": true,
"id": "648fab7d8cf145bbbcf32cee49fe0427",
"name": "admin"
}
},
"user": {
"id": "ca1e3c7d1b944c78ade1d1075173bd58",
"name": "admin",
"roles": [
{
"name": "admin"
}
],
"roles_links": [],
"username": "admin"
}
}
}
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