我们先来看一段Vue的执行代码：
export default { data () { return { msg: 0 } }, mounted () { this.msg = 1 this.msg = 2 this.msg = 3 }, watch: { msg () { console.log(this.msg) } } }
这段脚本执行我们猜测1000m后会依次打印：1、2、3。但是实际效果中，只会输出一次：3。为什么会出现这样的情况？我们来一探究竟。
queueWatcher
我们定义 watch 监听 msg ，实际上会被Vue这样调用 vm.$watch(keyOrFn, handler, options) 。 $watch 是我们初始化的时候，为 vm 绑定的一个函数，用于创建 Watcher 对象。那么我们看看 Watcher 中是如何处理 handler 的：
this.deep = this.user = this.lazy = this.sync = false ... update () { if (this.lazy) { this.dirty = true } else if (this.sync) { this.run() } else { queueWatcher(this) } } ...
初始设定 this.deep = this.user = this.lazy = this.sync = false ，也就是当触发 update 更新的时候，会去执行 queueWatcher 方法：
const queue: Array<Watcher> = [] let has: { [key: number]: ?true } = {} let waiting = false let flushing = false ... export function queueWatcher (watcher: Watcher) { const id = watcher.id if (has[id] == null) { has[id] = true if (!flushing) { queue.push(watcher) } else { // if already flushing, splice the watcher based on its id // if already past its id, it will be run next immediately. let i = queue.length - 1 while (i > index && queue[i].id > watcher.id) { i-- } queue.splice(i + 1, 0, watcher) } // queue the flush if (!waiting) { waiting = true nextTick(flushSchedulerQueue) } } }
这里面的 nextTick(flushSchedulerQueue) 中的 flushSchedulerQueue 函数其实就是 watcher 的视图更新:
function flushSchedulerQueue () { flushing = true let watcher, id ... for (index = 0; index < queue.length; index++) { watcher = queue[index] id = watcher.id has[id] = null watcher.run() ... } }
另外，关于 waiting 变量，这是很重要的一个标志位，它保证 flushSchedulerQueue 回调只允许被置入 callbacks 一次。 接下来我们来看看 nextTick 函数，在说 nexTick 之前，需要你对 Event Loop 、 microTask 、 macroTask 有一定的了解，Vue nextTick 也是主要用到了这些基础原理。如果你还不了解，可以参考我的这篇文章 Event Loop 简介 好了，下面我们来看一下他的实现：
export const nextTick = (function () { const callbacks = [] let pending = false let timerFunc function nextTickHandler () { pending = false const copies = callbacks.slice(0) callbacks.length = 0 for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) { copies[i]() } } // An asynchronous deferring mechanism. // In pre 2.4, we used to use microtasks (Promise/MutationObserver) // but microtasks actually has too high a priority and fires in between // supposedly sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690) or even between // bubbling of the same event (#6566). Technically setImmediate should be // the ideal choice, but it's not available everywhere; and the only polyfill // that consistently queues the callback after all DOM events triggered in the // same loop is by using MessageChannel. /* istanbul ignore if */ if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) { timerFunc = () => { setImmediate(nextTickHandler) } } else if (typeof MessageChannel !== 'undefined' && ( isNative(MessageChannel) || // PhantomJS MessageChannel.toString() === '[object MessageChannelConstructor]' )) { const channel = new MessageChannel() const port = channel.port2 channel.port1.onmessage = nextTickHandler timerFunc = () => { port.postMessage(1) } } else /* istanbul ignore next */ if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) { // use microtask in non-DOM environments, e.g. Weex const p = Promise.resolve() timerFunc = () => { p.then(nextTickHandler) } } else { // fallback to setTimeout timerFunc = () => { setTimeout(nextTickHandler, 0) } } return function queueNextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) { let _resolve callbacks.push(() => { if (cb) { try { cb.call(ctx) } catch (e) { handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick') } } else if (_resolve) { _resolve(ctx) } }) if (!pending) { pending = true timerFunc() } // $flow-disable-line if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { _resolve = resolve }) } } })()
首先Vue通过 callback 数组来模拟事件队列，事件队里的事件，通过 nextTickHandler 方法来执行调用，而何事进行执行，是由 timerFunc 来决定的。我们来看一下 timeFunc 的定义：
if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) { timerFunc = () => { setImmediate(nextTickHandler) } } else if (typeof MessageChannel !== 'undefined' && ( isNative(MessageChannel) || // PhantomJS MessageChannel.toString() === '[object MessageChannelConstructor]' )) { const channel = new MessageChannel() const port = channel.port2 channel.port1.onmessage = nextTickHandler timerFunc = () => { port.postMessage(1) } } else /* istanbul ignore next */ if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) { // use microtask in non-DOM environments, e.g. Weex const p = Promise.resolve() timerFunc = () => { p.then(nextTickHandler) } } else { // fallback to setTimeout timerFunc = () => { setTimeout(nextTickHandler, 0) } }
可以看出 timerFunc 的定义优先顺序 macroTask --> microTask ，在没有 Dom 的环境中，使用 microTask ，比如weex
setImmediate、MessageChannel VS setTimeout