ASP.NET Core Middleware是在应用程序处理管道pipeline中用于处理请求和操作响应的组件。
每个组件：
在pipeline中判断是否将请求传递给下一个组件
在处理管道的下个组件执行之前和之后执行一些工作， HttpContxt对象能跨域请求、响应的执行周期
特性和行为
ASP.NET Core处理管道由一系列请求委托组成，一环接一环的被调用， 下面给出自己绘制的Middleware pipeline流程图：
从上图可以看出，请求自进入处理管道，经历了四个中间件，每个中间件都包含后续紧邻中间件 执行委托（next）的引用，同时每个中间件在交棒之前和交棒之后可以自行决定参与一些Http请求和响应的逻辑处理。
每个中间件还可以决定不将请求转发给下一个委托，这称为请求管道的短路（短路是有必要的，某些专有中间件比如 StaticFileMiddleware 可以在完成功能之后，避免请求被转发到其他动态处理过程）。
源码实现
观察一个标准的中间件代码的写法和用法：
using System.Threading.Tasks; using Alyio.AspNetCore.ApiMessages; using Gridsum.WebDissector.Common; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http; namespace Gridsum.WebDissector { sealed class AuthorizationMiddleware { private readonly RequestDelegate _next; // 下一个中间件执行委托的引用 public AuthorizationMiddleware(RequestDelegate next) { _next = next; } public Task Invoke(HttpContext context) // 贯穿始终的HttpContext对象 { if (context.Request.Path.Value.StartsWith("/api/")) { return _next(context); } if (context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated && context.User().DisallowBrowseWebsite) { throw new ForbiddenMessage("You are not allow to browse the website."); } return _next(context); } } } public static IApplicationBuilder UserAuthorization(this IApplicationBuilder app) { return app.UseMiddleware<AuthorizationMiddleware>(); } // 启用该中间件，也就是注册该中间件 app.UserAuthorization();
标准的中间件使用方式是如此简单明了，带着几个问题探究一下源码实现
(1).中间件传参是怎样完成的： app.UseMiddleware<Authorization>(AuthOption); 我们传参的时候，为什么能自动注入中间件构造函数非第1个参数
(2).编写中间件的时候，为什么必须要定义特定的 Invoke/InvokeAsync 函数？
(3).设定中间件的顺序很重要，中间件的嵌套顺序是怎么确定的 ？
思考以上标准中间件的行为： 输入下一个中间件的执行委托Next， 定义当前中间件的执行委托Invoke/InvokeAsync；
每个中间件完成了 Func<RequestDelegate，RequestDelegate>这样的行为；
通过参数next与下一个中间件的执行委托Invoke/InvokeAsync 建立"链式"关系。
public delegate Task RequestDelegate(HttpContext context);
//-----------------节选自 Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder.UseMiddlewareExtensions------------------ /// <summary> /// Adds a middleware type to the application's request pipeline. /// </summary> /// <typeparam>The middleware type.</typeparam> /// <param>The <see cref="IApplicationBuilder"/> instance.</param> /// <param>The arguments to pass to the middleware type instance's constructor.</param> /// <returns>The <see cref="IApplicationBuilder"/> instance.</returns> public static IApplicationBuilder UseMiddleware<TMiddleware>(this IApplicationBuilder app, params object[] args) { return app.UseMiddleware(typeof(TMiddleware), args); } /// <summary> /// Adds a middleware type to the application's request pipeline. /// </summary> /// <param>The <see cref="IApplicationBuilder"/> instance.</param> /// <param>The middleware type.</param> /// <param>The arguments to pass to the middleware type instance's constructor.</param> /// <returns>The <see cref="IApplicationBuilder"/> instance.</returns> public static IApplicationBuilder UseMiddleware(this IApplicationBuilder app, Type middleware, params object[] args) { if (typeof(IMiddleware).GetTypeInfo().IsAssignableFrom(middleware.GetTypeInfo())) { // IMiddleware doesn't support passing args directly since it's // activated from the container if (args.Length > 0) { throw new NotSupportedException(Resources.FormatException_UseMiddlewareExplicitArgumentsNotSupported(typeof(IMiddleware))); } return UseMiddlewareInterface(app, middleware); } var applicationServices = app.ApplicationServices; return app.Use(next => { var methods = middleware.GetMethods(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public); // 执行委托名称被限制为Invoke/InvokeAsync var invokeMethods = methods.Where(m => string.Equals(m.Name, InvokeMethodName, StringComparison.Ordinal) || string.Equals(m.Name, InvokeAsyncMethodName, StringComparison.Ordinal) ).ToArray(); if (invokeMethods.Length > 1) { throw new InvalidOperationException(Resources.FormatException_UseMiddleMutlipleInvokes(InvokeMethodName, InvokeAsyncMethodName)); } if (invokeMethods.Length == 0) { throw new InvalidOperationException(Resources.FormatException_UseMiddlewareNoInvokeMethod(InvokeMethodName, InvokeAsyncMethodName, middleware)); } var methodInfo = invokeMethods[0]; if (!typeof(Task).IsAssignableFrom(methodInfo.ReturnType)) { throw new InvalidOperationException(Resources.FormatException_UseMiddlewareNonTaskReturnType(InvokeMethodName, InvokeAsyncMethodName, nameof(Task))); } var parameters = methodInfo.GetParameters(); if (parameters.Length == 0 || parameters[0].ParameterType != typeof(HttpContext)) { throw new InvalidOperationException(Resources.FormatException_UseMiddlewareNoParameters(InvokeMethodName, InvokeAsyncMethodName, nameof(HttpContext))); } var ctorArgs = new object[args.Length + 1]; ctorArgs[0] = next; Array.Copy(args, 0, ctorArgs, 1, args.Length); // 通过反射形成中间件实例的时候，构造函数第一个参数被指定为 下一个中间件的执行委托 var instance = ActivatorUtilities.CreateInstance(app.ApplicationServices, middleware, ctorArgs); if (parameters.Length == 1) { return (RequestDelegate)methodInfo.CreateDelegate(typeof(RequestDelegate), instance); } // 当前执行委托除了可指定HttpContext参数以外， 还可以注入更多的依赖参数 var factory = Compile<object>(methodInfo, parameters); return context => { var serviceProvider = context.RequestServices ?? applicationServices; if (serviceProvider == null) { throw new InvalidOperationException(Resources.FormatException_UseMiddlewareIServiceProviderNotAvailable(nameof(IServiceProvider))); } return factory(instance, context, serviceProvider); }; }); } //-------------------节选自 Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder.Internal.ApplicationBuilder------------------- private readonly IList<Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate>> _components = new List<Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate>>(); publicIApplicationBuilder Use(Func<RequestDelegate,RequestDelegate> middleware) { this._components.Add(middleware); return this; } public RequestDelegate Build() { RequestDelegate app = context => { context.Response.StatusCode = 404; return Task.CompletedTask; }; foreach (var component in _components.Reverse()) { app = component(app); } return app; }
通过以上代码我们可以看出：
注册中间件的过程实际上，是给一个 Type= List<Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate>> 的容器依次添加元素的过程；