经常出现客户端打电话抱怨说:你们的程序慢如蜗牛。你开始检查可能的疑点:文件IO,数据库访问速度,甚至查看web服务。 但是这些可能的疑点都很正常,一点问题都没有。
你使用最顺手的性能分析工具分析,发现瓶颈在于一个小函数,这个函数的作用是将一个长的字符串链表写到一文件中。
你对这个函数做了如下优化:将所有的小字符串连接成一个长的字符串,执行一次文件写入操作,避免成千上万次的小字符串写文件操作。
这个优化只做对了一半。
你先测试大字符串写文件的速度,发现快如闪电。然后你再测试所有字符串拼接的速度。
好几年。
怎么回事?你会怎么克服这个问题呢?
你或许知道.net程序员可以使用StringBuilder来解决此问题。这也是本文的起点。
背景如果google一下“C++ StringBuilder”,你会得到不少答案。有些会建议(你)使用std::accumulate,这可以完成几乎所有你要实现的:
#include <iostream>// for std::cout, std::endl
#include <string> // for std::string
#include <vector> // for std::vector
#include <numeric> // for std::accumulate
int main()
{
using namespace std;
vector<string> vec = { "hello", " ", "world" };
string s = accumulate(vec.begin(), vec.end(), s);
cout << s << endl; // prints 'hello world' to standard output.
return 0;
}
目前为止一切都好:当你有超过几个字符串连接时,问题就出现了,并且内存再分配也开始积累。
std::string在函数reserver()中为解决方案提供基础。这也正是我们的意图所在:一次分配,随意连接。
字符串连接可能会因为繁重、迟钝的工具而严重影响性能。由于上次存在的隐患,这个特殊的怪胎给我制造麻烦,我便放弃了Indigo(我想尝试一些C++11里的令人耳目一新的特性),并写了一个StringBuilder类的部分实现:
// Subset of
template <typename chr>
class StringBuilder {
typedef std::basic_string<chr> string_t;
typedef std::list<string_t> container_t; // Reasons not to use vector below.
typedef typename string_t::size_type size_type; // Reuse the size type in the string.
container_t m_Data;
size_type m_totalSize;
void append(const string_t &src) {
m_Data.push_back(src);
m_totalSize += src.size();
}
// No copy constructor, no assignement.
StringBuilder(const StringBuilder &);
StringBuilder & operator = (const StringBuilder &);
public:
StringBuilder(const string_t &src) {
if (!src.empty()) {
m_Data.push_back(src);
}
m_totalSize = src.size();
}
StringBuilder() {
m_totalSize = 0;
}
// TODO: Constructor that takes an array of strings.
StringBuilder & Append(const string_t &src) {
append(src);
return *this; // allow chaining.
}
// This one lets you add any STL container to the string builder.
template<class inputIterator>
StringBuilder & Add(const inputIterator &first, const inputIterator &afterLast) {
// std::for_each and a lambda look like overkill here.
// <b>Not</b> using std::copy, since we want to update m_totalSize too.
for (inputIterator f = first; f != afterLast; ++f) {
append(*f);
}
return *this; // allow chaining.
}
StringBuilder & AppendLine(const string_t &src) {
static chr lineFeed[] { 10, 0 }; // C++ 11. Feel the love!
m_Data.push_back(src + lineFeed);
m_totalSize += 1 + src.size();
return *this; // allow chaining.
}
StringBuilder & AppendLine() {
static chr lineFeed[] { 10, 0 };
m_Data.push_back(lineFeed);
++m_totalSize;
return *this; // allow chaining.
}
// TODO: AppendFormat implementation. Not relevant for the article.
// Like C# StringBuilder.ToString()
// Note the use of reserve() to avoid reallocations.
string_t ToString() const {
string_t result;
// The whole point of the exercise!
// If the container has a lot of strings, reallocation (each time the result grows) will take a serious toll,
// both in performance and chances of failure.
// I measured (in code I cannot publish) fractions of a second using 'reserve', and almost two minutes using +=.
result.reserve(m_totalSize + 1);
// result = std::accumulate(m_Data.begin(), m_Data.end(), result); // This would lose the advantage of 'reserve'
for (auto iter = m_Data.begin(); iter != m_Data.end(); ++iter) {
result += *iter;
}
return result;
}
// like Javascript Array.join()
string_t Join(const string_t &delim) const {
if (delim.empty()) {
return ToString();
}
string_t result;
if (m_Data.empty()) {
return result;
}
// Hope we don't overflow the size type.
size_type st = (delim.size() * (m_Data.size() - 1)) + m_totalSize + 1;
result.reserve(st);
// If you need reasons to love C++11, here is one.
struct adder {
string_t m_Joiner;
adder(const string_t &s): m_Joiner(s) {
// This constructor is NOT empty.
}
// This functor runs under accumulate() without reallocations, if 'l' has reserved enough memory.
string_t operator()(string_t &l, const string_t &r) {
l += m_Joiner;
l += r;
return l;
}
} adr(delim);
auto iter = m_Data.begin();
// Skip the delimiter before the first element in the container.
result += *iter;
return std::accumulate(++iter, m_Data.end(), result, adr);
}
}; // class StringBuilder