Recap: Interaction Design
Interaction Design
Designing interactive products to support people in their everyday and working lives.
Goals of ID
Allows users to carry out tasks safely, effectively, efficiently, and enjoyably.
Recap: Why is HCI important?Computers (in one way or another) now affect every person in society
Product success may depend on ease of use, not necessarily power
Why study human use of computers?HCI is worth studying because it aligns both human interests and economic interests.
The HCI discipline includes the study of:
the use and context of computers
human characterstics
computer system and interface architecture
the development process
History of HCIkey people, events and ideas
Main themehuman->computer
↓
computer->human
由人适应计算机发展为计算机适应人，未来可能向人机融合发展，而非谁适应谁
Five stages
Manual work
狭义的手工作业阶段，如算盘
Command line
第一次人机交互革命 ↓
GUI
Network UI
Multi-modal UI
第二次人机交互革命Natural use interface, NUI
通过多模态（各种感官通道）形成与计算机自然的交互
对NUI概念要慎重，尚未讨论清楚
Intelligent use interface, IUI
Input/Output devices
Keyboards & terminals are just artifacts of today's technologies
artifact: 人造物->我们或许也可以某种程度上改变世界
New input/output devices will change the way we interact with computers
Basic Interactions
Direct Manipulation of graphical objects
direct Manipulation 有学术定义
The Mouse
Windows
工作空间
"As we may think" article in Atlantic Monthly
建议阅读 https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/
Identified the information storage and retrieval problem: new knowledge does not reach the people who could benefit from it.
"publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record"
Bush's Memex
Conceiving Hypertext and the World Wide Web
a device where individuals stores all personal books, records, communication.etc
items retrieved rapidly through indexing, keywords, cross references,...
can annotate text with margin notes comments...
can construct and save a trail (chain of links) through the material
acts as an external memory
Bush's Memex based on microfilm recorder
but not implemented
布什认为世界是模糊的，应当以模糊的方式来处理，所以他不支持数字计算机
↑ 涉及到世界认知的本源问题——如果世界的本源是离散的，那么离散建模没有问题；如果世界的本源并非离散，那么有可能现在阶段的建模是完全错误的
J.C.R. licklider (1915-1990)"Computing's Johnny Appleseed"
His ideas foretold of graphical computing, point-and-click interfaces, digital libraries, e-commerce, online banking, and software that would exist on a network and migrate to wherever it was needed.
Outlined "man-computer symbiosis"
Immediate goals
time sharing of computers among many users
分时技术
electronic i/o for the display and communication of symbolic and pictorial information
interactive real time system for information processing and programming
large scale information storage and retrieval
目前其实仍未做到
facilitation of human cooperation in the design & programming of large systems
combined speech recognition, hand-printed character recognition & light-pen editing
Long tem visions
natural language understanding (syntax, semantics, pragmatics)
syntax 语法：The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence
semantics 语义：The study or science of meaning in language forms
pragmatics 语用：The study of language as it is used in a social context and affects the interlocutors(对话者) and their behavior
speech recognition of arbitrary computer users
heuristic programming
Ivan Sutherland's SketchPad发明了用光笔在屏幕上可以作CAD图形，成为计算机图形学&计算机辅助设计的奠基人
Sophisticated drawing package
Introduced many ideas/concepts now found in today's interface
hierarchical structures defined pictures and sub-pictures
object-oriented programming: master pictures with instances
constraints: specify details which the system maintains through changes
icons: small pictures that represented more complex items
copying: both pictures and constraints
input techniques: efficient use of light pen
world coordinates: separation of screen from drawing coordinates
recursive operations: applied to children of hierarchical objects
Parallel developments in hardware
"low-cost" graphics terminals
input devices such as data tablets
display processors capable of real-time manipulation of images
HMD
ACM Turning Award
Douglas Engelbart
The problem (early '50s)