使用C#实现数据结构堆

一、 堆的介绍:

  堆是用来排序的,通常是一个可以被看做一棵树的数组对象。堆满足已下特性:

  1. 堆中某个节点的值总是不大于或不小于其父节点的值

  任意节点的值小于(或大于)它的所有后裔,所以最小元(或最大元)在堆的根节点上(堆序性)。堆有大根堆和小根堆,将根节点最大的堆叫做最大堆或大根堆,根节点最小的堆叫做最小堆或小根堆。

  2. 堆总是一棵完全二叉树

  除了最底层,其他层的节点都被元素填满,且最底层尽可能地从左到右填入。 

  堆示意图:  

  

使用C#实现数据结构堆

  将堆元素从上往下从左到右放进数组对象中,子父节点索引满足关系:

       parentIndex = (index+1)/ 2 - 1;

  childLeftIndex = parentIndex * 2 + 1;

  childRightIndex = (parentIndex + 1) * 2;

  其中:index为任一节点索引;parentIndex该节点父索引;childLeftIndex该父节点下的子左节点;childRightIndex该父节点下的子右节点。

  创建堆的大概思路: 

  1. 向堆中添加元素:

  加到数组尾处,循环比对其父节点值(大根堆和小根堆比对策略不一样),比对结果的目标索引不是父节点索引则交换子父节点元素,继续向上比对其父父节点…;直至比对过程中目标索引为父节点索引或达到根节点结束,新堆创建完成。

  2. 向堆中取出元素:

  取出根节点元素,并将堆末尾元素插入根节点(为了保证堆的完全二叉树特性),从根部再循环向下比对父节点、子左节点、子右节点值,比对结果目标索引不为父节点交换目标索引和父节点的值,向下继续比对;直至比对过程中目标索引为父节点索引或达到堆尾部结束,新堆创建完成。

二、 代码实现:

  因为大根堆和小根堆只是比较策略不同,所以整合了两者,用的时候可以直接设置堆的类别;默认小根堆,默认比较器。实现代码如下:

使用C#实现数据结构堆

使用C#实现数据结构堆

1 public class Heap<T> 2 { 3 private T[] _array;//数组,存放堆数据 4 private int _count;//堆数据数量 5 private HeapType _typeName;//堆类型 6 private const int _DefaultCapacity = 4;//默认数组容量/最小容量 7 private const int _ShrinkThreshold = 50;//收缩阈值(百分比) 8 private const int _MinimumGrow = 4;//最小扩容量 9 private const int _GrowFactor = 200; // 数组扩容百分比,默认2倍 10 private IComparer<T> _comparer;//比较器 11 private Func<T, T, bool> _comparerFunc;//比较函数 12 13 14 //堆数据数量 15 public int Count => _count; 16 //堆类型 17 public HeapType TypeName => _typeName; 18 19 20 public Heap() : this(_DefaultCapacity, HeapType.MinHeap, null) { } 21 public Heap(int capacity) : this(capacity, HeapType.MinHeap, null) { } 22 public Heap(HeapType heapType) : this(_DefaultCapacity, heapType, null) { } 23 public Heap(int capacity, HeapType heapType, IComparer<T> comparer) 24 { 25 Init(capacity, heapType, comparer); 26 } 27 public Heap(IEnumerable<T> collection, HeapType heapType, IComparer<T> comparer) 28 { 29 if (collection == null) 30 throw new IndexOutOfRangeException(); 31 Init(collection.Count(), heapType, comparer); 32 using (IEnumerator<T> en = collection.GetEnumerator())//避免T在GC堆中有非托管资源,GC不能释放,需手动 33 { 34 while (en.MoveNext()) 35 Enqueue(en.Current); 36 } 37 } 38 private void Init(int capacity, HeapType heapType, IComparer<T> comparer) 39 { 40 if (capacity < 0) 41 throw new IndexOutOfRangeException(); 42 _count = 0; 43 _array = new T[capacity]; 44 _comparer = comparer ?? Comparer<T>.Default; 45 _typeName = heapType; 46 switch (heapType) 47 { 48 default: 49 case HeapType.MinHeap: 50 _comparerFunc = (T t1, T t2) => _comparer.Compare(t1, t2) > 0;//目标对象t2小 51 break; 52 case HeapType.MaxHeap: 53 _comparerFunc = (T t1, T t2) => _comparer.Compare(t1, t2) < 0;//目标对象t2大 54 break; 55 } 56 } 57 58 59 public T Dequeue() 60 { 61 if (_count == 0) 62 throw new InvalidOperationException(); 63 T result = _array[0]; 64 _array[0] = _array[--_count]; 65 _array[_count] = default(T); 66 67 if (_array.Length > _DefaultCapacity && _count * 100 <= _array.Length * _ShrinkThreshold)//缩容 68 { 69 int newCapacity = Math.Max(_DefaultCapacity, (int)((long)_array.Length * (long)_ShrinkThreshold / 100)); 70 SetCapacity(newCapacity); 71 } 72 AdjustHeap(_array, 0, _count); 73 return result; 74 } 75 public void Enqueue(T item) 76 { 77 if (_count >= _array.Length)//扩容 78 { 79 int newCapacity = Math.Max(_array.Length+_MinimumGrow, (int)((long)_array.Length * (long)_GrowFactor / 100)); 80 SetCapacity(newCapacity); 81 } 82 83 _array[_count++] = item; 84 int parentIndex; 85 int targetIndex; 86 int targetCount = _count; 87 while (targetCount > 1) 88 { 89 parentIndex = targetCount / 2 - 1; 90 targetIndex = targetCount - 1; 91 if (!_comparerFunc.Invoke(_array[parentIndex], _array[targetIndex])) 92 break; 93 Swap(_array, parentIndex, targetIndex); 94 targetCount = parentIndex + 1; 95 } 96 } 97 private void AdjustHeap(T[] array, int parentIndex, int count) 98 { 99 if (_count < 2) 100 return; 101 int childLeftIndex = parentIndex * 2 + 1; 102 int childRightIndex = (parentIndex + 1) * 2; 103 104 int targetIndex = parentIndex; 105 if (childLeftIndex < count && _comparerFunc.Invoke(array[parentIndex], array[childLeftIndex])) 106 targetIndex = childLeftIndex; 107 if (childRightIndex < count && _comparerFunc.Invoke(array[targetIndex], array[childRightIndex])) 108 targetIndex = childRightIndex; 109 if (targetIndex != parentIndex) 110 { 111 Swap(_array, parentIndex, targetIndex); 112 AdjustHeap(_array, targetIndex, _count); 113 } 114 } 115 116 private void SetCapacity(int capacity) 117 { 118 T[] newArray = new T[capacity]; 119 Array.Copy(_array, newArray, _count); 120 _array = newArray; 121 } 122 123 private void Swap(T[] array, int index1, int index2) 124 { 125 T temp = array[index1]; 126 array[index1] = array[index2]; 127 array[index2] = temp; 128 } 129 130 public void Clear() 131 { 132 Array.Clear(_array, 0, _count); 133 Init(_DefaultCapacity, HeapType.MinHeap, null); 134 } 135 } 136 137 public enum HeapType { MinHeap, MaxHeap }

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