回顾前文:
一文学会MySQL的explain工具
一文读懂MySQL的索引结构及查询优化
(同时再次强调,这几篇关于MySQL的探究都是基于5.7版本,相关总结与结论不一定适用于其他版本)
就软件开发而言,既要保证数据读写的效率,还要保证并发读写数据的可靠性、正确性。因此,除了要对MySQL的索引结构及查询优化有所了解外,还需要对MySQL的事务隔离级别及MVCC机制有所认知。
MySQL官方文档中的词汇表(https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/glossary.html)有助于我们对相关概念、理论的理解。下文中我会从概念表中摘录部分原文描述,以加深对原理机制的理解。
事务隔离级别 事务是什么Transactions are atomic units of work that can be committed or rolled back. When a transaction makes multiple changes to the database, either all the changes succeed when the transaction is committed, or all the changes are undone when the transaction is rolled back.
事务是由一组SQL语句组成的原子操作单元,其对数据的变更,要么全都执行成功(Committed),要么全都不执行(Rollback)。
Database transactions, as implemented by InnoDB, have properties that are collectively known by the acronym ACID, for atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability.
InnoDB实现的数据库事务具有常说的ACID属性,即原子性(atomicity),一致性(consistency)、隔离性(isolation)和持久性(durability)。
原子性:事务被视为不可分割的最小单元,所有操作要么全部执行成功,要么失败回滚(即还原到事务开始前的状态,就像这个事务从来没有执行过一样)
一致性:在成功提交或失败回滚之后以及正在进行的事务期间,数据库始终保持一致的状态。如果正在多个表之间更新相关数据,那么查询将看到所有旧值或所有新值,而不会一部分是新值,一部分是旧值
隔离性:事务处理过程中的中间状态应该对外部不可见,换句话说,事务在进行过程中是隔离的,事务之间不能互相干扰,不能访问到彼此未提交的数据。这种隔离可通过锁机制实现。有经验的用户可以根据实际的业务场景,通过调整事务隔离级别,以提高并发能力
持久性:一旦事务提交,其所做的修改将会永远保存到数据库中。即使系统发生故障,事务执行的结果也不能丢失
In InnoDB, all user activity occurs inside a transaction. If autocommit mode is enabled, each SQL statement forms a single transaction on its own. By default, MySQL starts the session for each new connection with autocommit enabled, so MySQL does a commit after each SQL statement if that statement did not return an error. If a statement returns an error, the commit or rollback behavior depends on the error
MySQL默认采用自动提交(autocommit)模式。也就是说,如果不显式使用START TRANSACTION或BEGIN语句来开启一个事务,那么每个SQL语句都会被当做一个事务自动提交。
A session that has autocommit enabled can perform a multiple-statement transaction by starting it with an explicit START TRANSACTION or BEGIN statement and ending it with a COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement.
多个SQL语句开启一个事务也很简单,以START TRANSACTION或者BEGIN语句开头,以COMMIT或ROLLBACK语句结尾。
If autocommit mode is disabled within a session with SET autocommit = 0, the session always has a transaction open. A COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement ends the current transaction and a new one starts.
使用SET autocommit = 0可手动关闭当前session自动提交模式。
并发事务的问题 引出事务隔离级别相关文档:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/innodb-transaction-isolation-levels.html
Isolation is the I in the acronym ACID; the isolation level is the setting that fine-tunes the balance between performance and reliability, consistency, and reproducibility of results when multiple transactions are making changes and performing queries at the same time.
也就是说当多个并发请求访问MySQL,其中有对数据的增删改请求时,考虑到并发性,又为了避免脏读、不可重复读、幻读等问题,就需要对事务之间的读写进行隔离,至于隔离到啥程度需要看具体的业务场景,这时就要引出事务的隔离级别了。
InnoDB offers all four transaction isolation levels described by the SQL:1992 standard: READ UNCOMMITTED, READ COMMITTED, REPEATABLE READ, and SERIALIZABLE. The default isolation level for InnoDB is REPEATABLE READ.
InnoDB存储引擎实现了SQL标准中描述的4个事务隔离级别:读未提交(READ UNCOMMITTED)、读已提交(READ COMMITTED)、可重复读(REPEATABLE READ)、可串行化(SERIALIZABLE)。InnoDB默认隔离级别是可重复读(REPEATABLE READ)。
设置事务隔离级别既然可以调整隔离级别,那么如何设置事务隔离级别呢?详情见官方文档:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/set-transaction.html